When a long train of abuses and usupations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is (our) right, it is (our) duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for (our) future security. Such is now the necessity which constrains (us) to alter (our) former Systems of Government. As (a) Free and Independent State, (we) have full Power to levy War, conclude peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which (an) Independent State may of right do.



