1. Slavery where it was unlawful for African Americans to read, write, or own property.
2. Jim Crow laws and the unlawful lynching’s of African Americans by the Klu Klux Klan and others where most of these crimes were never prosecuted.
3. Thriving and wealthy African American communities were burned to the ground during the Rosewood Massacre and Greenwood Tulsa Race Riots by angry white mobs with few penal consequences.
4.The Federal Housing Association (FHA) and the VA supported builders like Levitt Bros with building suburban homes excluding ownership by blacks.
5.Shortly after the civil rights movement, illegal drugs and illegal guns proliferated in the inner cities.
6. Affirmative Action programs and policies have benefitted non-African Americans more than African Americans.